Hauv kev xav, npua hlau yog hlau-carbon alloy nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntau dua 2%. Npua hlau siv hauv kev lag luam siv feem ntau muaj tsawg dua 4.5% carbon. Hauv kev xyaum, hlau-carbon alloys nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntau dua 1.7% hu ua npua hlau, thiab cov uas muaj cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg dua 1.7% yog hu ua hlau.
Nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qhia hauv cov lus hauv qab no:
| Lub npe | Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg (%) | |||||
| C (carbon) | Si (silicon) | Mn (zeeg) | P (phosphorus) | S (sulfur) | Fe (hlau) | |
| Pig hlau |
Tshaj 1.7 |
1.5-4.5 |
Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1.0 |
0.1-0.2 |
0.05-0.2 |
Ib ncig ntawm 92 |
| Hlau |
Hauv qab no 1.7 |
0.15-0.35 |
Ib ncig ntawm 0.8 |
0.055 |
0.05 |
Ib ncig ntawm 98 |
Lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau los tiv thaiv deformation thiab tawg nyob rau hauv static load yog hu ua lub zog. Lub peev xwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los tiv thaiv sab nraud yog hu ua lub zog txwv, tseem hu ua lub zog puas tsuaj.
Lub zog txwv thaum lub zog sab nraud yog tensile yog hu ua tensile zog, thiab nws cov cai yog бb.
Lub zog txwv thaum lub zog sab nraud yog compressive hu ua compressive zog, thiab nws cov cai yog бbc.
Lub zog sab nraud yog perpendicular mus rau axis ntawm cov khoom thiab khoov cov khoom tom qab qhov kev txiav txim. Lub zog txwv lub sijhawm no yog hu ua dabtsi yog khoov lub zog, thiab nws cov cai yog бbb.
Thawj chav tsev ntawm ntau lub zog yog "kilograms / millimeters", uas tam sim no hloov mus rau megapascals, thiab nws cov cai yog MPa.
Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau uas ncav cuag ib qho kev deformation nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sab nraud quab yuam thiab tuaj yeem kho lawv cov qub qub thaum lub zog sab nraud raug tshem tawm yog hu ua elasticity. Qhov siab tshaj plaws txwv ntawm elastic hlau los tiv thaiv sab nraud quab yuam yog hu ua elastic txwv, thiab nws cov cai yog "бc".
Thaum cov ntaub ntawv hlau ncav cuag ib qho degree raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sab nraud quab yuam, txawm tias lub zog sab nraud tsis nce ntxiv, qhov deformation ntawm cov khoom tseem nyob. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua "yield". Qhov kev ntxhov siab uas pib pib yog hu ua "yield point", codenamed "бs".
Lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlau los tsim cov deformation mus tas li yam tsis muaj kev tawg yog hu ua plasticity, tseem hu ua plasticity.
Lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlau los tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam yog hu ua "toughness", codenamed "k", thiab thawj chav tsev yog kilograms·meters / cm². Tam sim no nws tau hloov mus rau joules, codenamed "J".
Cov cuab yeej uas cov ntaub ntawv hlau tuaj yeem raug rub mus rau hauv cov xov hlau, txo cov ntu ntu ntu thiab ua kom ntev yog hu ua ductility. Cov cuab yeej uas cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem raug hammered lossis dov rau hauv daim hlau kom nthuav lawv thaj chaw yog hu ua ductility.
Lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau los tiv thaiv lwm yam khoom nyuaj los ntawm nias rau hauv qhov chaw hu ua hardness.
Cov cuab yeej uas tuaj yeem siv rau cov cuab yeej txiav yog hu ua machinability. Qhov ntau dua qhov hardness thiab toughness, qhov nyuaj nws yog txiav.
Cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ua hluav taws xob tam sim no hu ua conductivity, uas feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm kev tiv thaiv, codenamed "ρ", nrog rau chav nyob ntawm ohm·cm² / meter, codenamed "Ω·cm² / m". Lub reciprocal ntawm resistivity yog hluav taws xob coefficient los yog conductivity.
Cov cuab yeej ntawm cov hlau los ua lub zog sib nqus hu ua magnetic conductivity. Hlau muaj zog tshaj hlau nplaum conductivity, ua raws li cobalt thiab npib tsib xee, thiab cov hlau no hu ua ferromagnetic hlau.
Cua sov cov hlau mus rau qhov kub thiab txias thiab tom qab ntawd muab tso rau hauv ib qho quenchant kom txo qis nws qhov kub thiab txias yog hu ua quenching. quenching tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog ntawm cov hlau thiab txo nws cov plasticity ntau.
Ua kom sov cov hlau rau ib qho kub, ua kom sov rau ib lub sijhawm, thiab maj mam txias nws yog hu ua annealing. Annealing tuaj yeem txo qhov hardness thiab brittleness ntawm cov hlau thiab nce nws cov plasticity.
Kev kho cua sov ntawm cov cua sov ntawm cov hlau saum toj qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb thiab tom qab ntawd txias nws hauv huab cua tseem hu ua normalizing. Normalizing tuaj yeem kho cov nplej, txhim kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab ua haujlwm.
Reheating ib tug quenched hlau mus rau ib tug tej yam kub thiab txias nws nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam txoj kev yog hu ua tempering. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tempering yog tshem tawm cov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv uas tsim los ntawm quenching, txo lub zog thiab brittleness, thiab tau txais cov khoom siv kho tshuab.
